Waling Multiple Campus
Waling, Syangja
B.Ed First Year Compulsory
English(General English-English Ed.401)
Note for English for New Millennium
Prepared By:
1 Start of Kali Yuga
Devdutta Pattanaik
The
story 'Start of Kali Yuga' is written by Devdutta Pattanaik. This story
presents the behaviour of human beings. One day Yudhistira organized the
grandest 'Ashwamedha Yagna' inviting many Rishis. At the time of Yagna, two
farmers came there with a dispute of a pot of gold. Neither of them wanted to
take it. They requested Yudhistira to tell the farmers to go back and come
there after three months because of the start of Kali Yuga.
In
Kali yuga, generosity changes into greed and compassion into outrage because
human beings will be too selfish and victims of only pleasure of the materials.
At the last of Yagna, a mongoose came there and rolled its body on the remains
of ritual, all seemed to be unhappy. Long ago, it did the same and some of its
body parts changed into gold but so did not happen. Therefore, it became
disappointed. After that, Rishis realized that Krishna's power became powerless
because Kali Yuga already began. At last, the waves of doom would engulf
civilization and the world would be destroyed. The end of the world is pralaya
of world.
2 The Mirror of Matsuyama
F.Holland
The
story 'The Mirror of Matsuyama' is written by F. Holland. This story presents
the miserable life of a little girl. Once there lie a three member in the
family (father, mother and daughter) in a remote village of Japan. One day the
father left Kyoto for business reminding the daughter to be dutiful to the
mother. After few years the father came back with some presents for his family
members. The mother got mirror as a gift. But the mother had not seen the
mirror before. So, he doubted that her husband must have married another woman.
She felt that when she saw herself in the mirror. She realized that there was a
woman in the mirror but it was her illusion. The mother one day fell ill
seriously and gave the mirror to the daughter and passed away. Mother said
daughter to keep the mirror safe. The father got married to another woman. The
daughter could see her real mother in the mirror and mumbled. Stepmother
doubted to the daughter and complained to the husband. The husband watched the
daughter and become angry but at last, reality was known, but stepmother and
father started to love daughter. Though the daughter started to love daughter.
Though daughter started to get love, she departed her house for love.
3 Whole Child Education
Education
that incorporates the art of cultivating the moral, emotional, physical,
psychological and spiritual dimensions of human life is simply referred as a
holistic education. Four views are given in the text. According to
Krishnamurti, Education must be for inner transformation and liberation of a
whole person. He focuses on the roles of education to awaken the intelligence
and sense of responsibility of learners. According to Steiner, education should
promote spiritual awareness in learners. It must be innovative in methodology
to teach learners. According to Montessori, children need to grow up in the
atmosphere of peace and respect. The environment should fulfill the children's
potential physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually. According to
miller, education should cultivate moral, emotional, physical, psychological
and spiritual dimensions of life. Education should connect individuals to
nature and peace.
4 The Five Dimensions of Education
Osho
This
text is written by Osho. It presents the drawbacks and limitations of the
present education system of the world. He mentions the five dimensions of
Education. He opines that there should not be the examination because it
creates the feeling of superiority and inferiority of learners. Present teachers
are out of date because they were educated in the past not for the present or
future. Teaching methods and approaches are old fashioned in existing education
and the memorization process is not useful in learning.
The
five dimensions are knowledge on international language, the inquiry of
scientific subjects, sense of humor, art and creativity, and the art of dying.
According to his first dimension, a global language is basically required to
enhance the people irrespective of race, nationality and any geographical
territories. He opines that English may function as a global language. The
second dimension opines that the development of technology brings changes in
all the aspect of human life. Th third dimension is the art of living along
with humor required to transform anger, hatred and jealousy into love for a
human life. He views that a reverence of life should be the foundation of the
third dimensions because life is God which is dancing spirit in human life. The
fourth dimension is related its art and creativity. Anything such as painting,
music, craftsmanship pottery, masonry etc. can be full of creativity. The fifth
dimension is the art of dying. It can be realized through meditations which are
to be incorporated in Educational programme. So, the five dimensions of
education is better to be used in our context.
5. The Essentials of Education
R.W Livingstone
This text is written by
RW Livingstone and presents the essential things to include in Education. The
author views the existing education system of the world. He opines that
students are confused to choose the subjects because there are so many
subjects/areas in education. He believes that students are academically
incomplete because of lack of essentials in education in the programmes in
different universities.
Different universities
claim that they have first-rate quality/programmes in different areas of the
study. But it is difficult to define first rate. According to him, vocational
education is the best area although it does not provide education belonging to
intellectuality.
Art/literature provides
learner with the knowledge of human nature and students can discriminate what
is good and bad. But this study does not provide vocational skill. According to
writer, educated person should be:
i. know what first-rate education
is
ii. discriminate between
good and bad
iii. know where first
rate education is available
He focuses that
'Intellectual area' does not give education. Job focused education does not
provide intellectuality. He views more that:
-religion
contains its highest form of study
-vocational/education
is the best for job market
-passive
readings of biographies is not enough
-literature
itself can be superficial
According to the writer, the complete education
should incorporate all the areas of study that enables learners to distinguish
good and bad.
6. The Three Dancing
Goats
Once upon a time, there
lived a family two members: the widowed mother and her son name Sindhu. They
had only a bamboo hut, a small plot of grazing land and two cows. Once, they
decided to sell cows because of the lack of grass. So, the son went to market to
sell cows. While going to the market, he visited a woman on the way. After
talking he exchanged cows with goats and returned to home. When he reached
home, his mother became unhappy. But he convinced his mother. Their house was
near to the landlord's house. When the daughter of the landlord knew the fact,
she requested father to bring goats for entertainment. One day Sindhu went to
the landlord house. He gave girl a goat and requested barrel of foodstuffs. She
went in the hut with the barrel of foodstuff. The son and mother became very
happy to see the girl at the hut.
After few days,
landowner called Sindhu to his house because the goat did not dance. He gave
second goat and got ring. Again, goat did not dance and he gave the third goat
and flute and told the secret of flute to the girl. Sindhu asked the secret of three coloured
stones set in the fold ring which she had already given to him. She said the
secret the three strange strands of hair hidden among any black silken tresses.
One is pure white, the color of a diamond, one is dark red; the color of ruby
and one is bright green; the color of an emerald. After that Sindhu began
working as a labor on the landowner's farm to get an opportunity to have a
glimpse of his daughter. Once, the landowner announced that he would get him the
secret of three strange strand of hair hidden among her black silken tresses.
Luckily, Sindhu visited a man on the way. He asked his clothes. They went to
the landowner's house. The program was going on. Sindhu told the secret.
Landlord accepted him as the life partner of his daughter. Then, the boy and
girl started to live happily.
7. The Necklace
Guy De Maupassant
The story ‘The Necklace’
by GD Maupassant presents the miserable condition of a clerk. Wife did not
bring and dowry. She was simple but unhappy. She did not have jewels and
attractive clothes. She compared her friends with rich friends and feel
depressed because of her low economic status. Once Mr. and Mrs. Loisel were
invited from the Minister of Public Instruction to go to his party. Husband
gave four hundred Francs to buy a beautiful dress. But she was not happy due to
jewel. Then they decided to go to Madam Forestier who was rich enough and had a
lot of ornaments. They asked necklace with her for the party. She became
attractive from dress and jewel in the party. Education Minister and other high
ranked people admired her beauty. After the party, they hired a taxi and went
to the apartment. When they arrived home, they knew that she lost her necklace
on the way. She became very sad. They tried to look it but could not find it
anywhere. Then they decided to buy next necklace to give Madam Forestier. They
took ten years to return that loan. After ten years they seemed to have been
very old because of the unlimited work. One day Mrs. Loisel visited Madam
Forestier and greeted her. Madam Forestier did not recognize her as she was
completely different. It means she seems for older than really she was. While
talking Ms. Loisel talked about of the necklace she lost. She became surprised
and told that the necklace was not the original necklace. It cost only few
hundred francs. At last they know the real value of necklace.
8. The Gift of the Magi
The short fiction ‘The
Gift of Magi’ had two major characters. They are spouse. (Della and Jim) They
were very poor. Once before the Christmas day, Della counted money she had.
That money was not enough to buy gift for husband. Della became restless by
watching her hair in the mirror. Della had very long hair which was her best
possession. Similarly, Jim had one important thing; it was the watch given to
him by his father; and to his father by the grandfather. Watch and the long
hair are only two things that they possessed. Della’s hair was so beautiful
than any queen’s jewels and gifts. She decided to sell the hair in order to buy
a present to Jim on the Christmas day. Della put on her old brown coat and old
brown hat and went to the market to sell her long and beautiful hair in order
to buy a gift to Jim. She went to Mrs. Sofronies Hair Articles shop and sold
her the long hair on twenty dollars. Then she bought a golden watch chain to
give it to Jim. Then she went to the house with that chain. When she arrived
home, her hair looked wonderful. She seemed like a schoolboy in the mirror. She
thought whether Jim liked her hair now or not. When Jim arrived at home, he was
surprised. He asked her if she got her hair cut. She replied that she did it to
buy him a present because her love for him was more valuable than the hair. She
said that her hair would grow again. Then, Jim gave combs to Della. They
embrace each other to show their love. They talked of the magi who offered
Jesus Christ first Christmas gifts. This story tells that true love is precious
than other material things.
Model Question For B.Ed First Year
Waling Multiple Campus
Waling, Syangja
Subject- General English (Eng.Ed 411)
Level- Bachelor/I
year/Education
Time- 3 Hours
Full Marks-100
Attempt all questions.
Group “B" 56
1. Complete the sentences using the correct from of the verbs given
inside the brackets. (Use infinitive or gerund or bare infinitive forms)
a. They allowed
me....................(stay)
b. I wanted....................(go) out.
c. These days I seem to spend
hours....................(write) emails.
d. This film always makes
me....................(laugh).
e. I do not mind....................(help)
if you like.
f. She lets us....................(go).
g. She is interested in
....................(tell) stories.
2. Make sentences by putting the words in correct order.
a. you/could/hand?me/give
b. her/Jerry/described/to/it
c. far/charged/they/much/tool/us
d.
job/sister/offered/been/my/interesting/has/an
e. for/pizza/ordered/we/everyone
f. you/favour/a/I/owe
g. friends/us/luck/wished/Tony's/good
3. Rewrite each sentence so that it has similar meaning, using the
verb forms from the box as given in the example.
|
they were not able to |
You are allowed to |
|
They are unable to |
Do you mind if |
|
You didn't need to |
You need to |
|
You were supposed to |
You weren't supposed to |
For example:You
may bring one bag with you on the plane.
Answer: You are
allowed to brinbg one bag with you on the plane.
a.
You cannot speak during the
exam.
b.
May I put my feet on this
chair?
c.
You should have practised
harder.
d.
You must wear a helmet.
e.
You needn't have bought me a
present.
f.
They cannot sing.
g.
They could not find our house.
4. Write brief answers to ANY TWO of the following questions. 7
a. What were the achievements of The Civil
War? (A Horseman in the Sky)
b. Why did the landlord's daughter want to
buy a goat?(The Three Dancing Goats)
c. Discuss inclusive education on about
100 words. (Inclusive Education)
5. Write a couple of paragraphs on Marriage in
Nepal. 7
OR,
Write
a travelogue of your recent hike to a religious place.
6. Read the following text and answer the questions asked
below. 7
That night, I stayed with my friends in a modern, white posada,
sleeping well in clean sheets. We were on our way to the great shrine of Saint
James in the city of Santiago de Compostela, which made all of us pilgrims of
some sort. But none of us were religious ones; blisters and stiff muscles
aside, we saw no merit in suffering. Portomarin stands near the end of the
Camino. It is a moved town, a reconstruction: a ruined medieval bridge and the
skeleton of the original village lie beneath-just beneath-the waters of a
dammed-up river.
Questions:
a.
Where did the narrator stay
that night?
b.
Was the sleep satisfactory?
c.
Where were the narrator's
friends going?
d.
Were they real pilgrims?
e.
Who was more religious in the
group?
f.
Where is Portomarin located?
g.
What is text about?
OR,
Write
a review of a book you have been seen or read.
7. Write a short biography of a national figure you appreciate most.
8. Write a short travelogue of your recent visit to a religious
place.
or, How do you think the
electronic media have replaced letter writing tradition completely? Discuss.
Group 'C' 24
9. Write an essay on 'The Status of English in
Nepal'. or,
Describe the
memorable character(s) in the story 'The Martyr'.
10. Argue for or against students use of Facebook.
Does it have any academic value? Has it been used properly? Is the use of Facebook
beneficial for students?
'The End'
Waling Multiple Campus
Waling, Syangja
Subject- General
English (Eng.Ed 411)
Level- Bachelor/I
year/Education
Time-
(Objective Questions)
Group -A 20
A. Tick (√) the best answers. Attempt all the
questions.
1.
The passive form of expression "A piece of wood hit him." is....
a. He was hit by a piece of wood.
b. He was hit with a piece of wood.
c. A piece of wood was hit by him.
d. A piece of wood, by him, was hit.
2.
The main idea of a paragraph or the controlling idea is known as:
a. The introduction of the
essay b. The topic
sentence
c. The body d.
The conclusion
3.The process of making all ideas fitting together in a logical flow
is called:
a. Coherence b.
Cohesion
c. Unity d.
Transition
4. Which of the
following is an example of secondary
source of collecting data used in
academic writing?
a. responses to
questionnaire b. research articles
c. views of informants d. field survey information
5. Which of the
following sentences does not show permission?
a. May I play a ball?
b. Do you mind If I shut the door?
c. Shall I bring a cup of tea for you?
d. Would it be alright If I smoke here?
6. The
appropriate ending for the expression "If you call me" is
.............................
a. I will come. b. I would come.
c. I would have come. d. I
could come.
7. The closest
meaning of " I don't have enough computer games" is:
a. I have plenty of computer
games.
b. I don't have many
computer games.
c. I have too few computer
games.
d. I have computer games as
required.
8. I wonder if you could give me...........
a. some information b.
any information
c. no information d.
one information
9. Which of the following word has prefix:
a. reuse b.
beautifully
c. toothpaste d.
bathroom
10. Which of the following word is a compound word:
a. washroom b.
irregular
c. mostly d.
demoralizes
B. Read the following
passage and tick (
the best answers. 10
The term Diaspora derives from the Greek. It is made up of two
words- 'dia' and 'speirein' meaning 'across' and 'scattering' respectively. It
means throwing or scattering something 'out of, far away'. During the 6th
century BC it stood for the expulsion of people, especially the Jewish form the
kingdom of Jerusalem. It stood for dispersion. They were exiled. So the first
concept of diaspora is connected with being expelled exiled or king of
imprisoned. It also meant for the scattering or dispersal of seeds. It fact in
the modern sense the meaning attached to diaspora has changed significantly. It
refers sense the meaning attached to diaspora has changed significantly. It
refers to a body of population migrated from a country of origin to another
country of destination. Diaspora has four historical phases-ancient, medieval,
modern and contemporary. In the beginning people were forced to leave home
country because of political, social or natural reasons. The African Diaspora
is a case in example.
11. From which language
does the term Diaspora derive:
a. Latin b.
Italian c. Greek d. Chinese
12. What does 'speirein'
refer to:
a. across b. Scattering c. out of d. far away
13. The term diaspora in
made up of ............
a. one word b. two words c. three words d.
four words
14. What are the
chronological /historical phases of diaspora?
a. ancient, contemporary, medieval
and modern
b. ancient, modern,
medieval and contemporary
c. ancient, medieval,
contemporary and modern
d. ancient, medieval,
modern and contemporary
15. During the 6th
century, diaspora did not stand for.............
a. being exiled b. being
expelled
c. being kind imprisoned d. being outcast
16. What is the synonym of
the term 'significantly' as used in the text?
a. remarkably b. haphazardly c. randomly d.
unknowingly
17. What is the modern
sense of diaspora?
a. expulsion b. dispersion c. migration d.
exile
18. Why were people forced
to leave home country in the beginning?
a. because of political,
social or natural reasons
b. because of historical
reasons
c. because of religious
reasons
d. because of individual
reasons
19. What is an example of
the case of diaspora, mentioned in the text?
a. Greek Diaspora b. African
Diaspora
c. Jerusulam Diaspora d. Jewish Diaspora
20. This text is extracted
from a/an.........
a. Short fiction b. factual writing c. one act play d.
contemporary topic
'The End'
9. The Library
Ramesh Gunesekera
The story ‘The Library’
is written by Ramesh Gunesekera and presents the life experience of Donald.
This fiction presents the feelings of Donald when he was in Britain from Ceylon(Srilanka)
He was alone because his father and mother were already died. Donald himself
was a short and dumpy man. He used to go to library to read books. He was not
happy as he had lost his ancestry. He collected artifacts from Ceylon. His tiny
flat was like a museum. Donald was not a poet but he used to write few poems.
His boss used to drink Vodka. He was not satisfied with his job because he was
not promoted. Once, while going to the library on shepherd’s hill, the wind
started to blow heavily. On the way, he met Janice Conway who was trying to
fold her baby’s buggy to keep into her car. She had a problem in doing it due
to the wind. He helped that woman and she requested him to have a lift on a
car. So Donald got into it and they moved ahead. While travelling Janice’s
(woman with car) son shouted and she told him to be quiet. At that moment
Donald happened to remind the event when he had thought of getting married to
Sharon, a girl at his office. After the car, while walking, Donald got off it
and started walking there. While walking, he heard a woodpecker and a pigeon
flirt there. He asked Jenice whether she needed help or not. At this moment,
Donald remembered some great persons like Rohan Amaratunga, his grandpa etc.
10. The Open Window
Saki (H.H) Munro
Characters:
a. Framton Nuttel (Visitor) He
b. Mrs. Suppleton (The house owner) She
c. Vera ( 15 years old girl)
Mr. Nuttel goes to Mrs.
Suppleton's house but she is not there. Her niece Vera plays an amusing trick
on him.)
This fiction is written
by Saki (H.H Munro). The main characters of this story are Framton Nuttel, Mrs.
Suppleton and Vera. Mr. Framton had some health problems. He went country side
to the doctor's suggestion. He went to Mrs. Suppleton's house as suggested by
his sister. When he reached to Mrs. Suppleton's house, she was not there. There
was only her niece Vera. The girl played an amusing trick on Mr. Nuttel and he
perhaps believed it.
The story told by Vera
was wrong but Vera told Mr. Nuttel that Mrs. Suppleton's husband and her two
brothers had gone for hunting three months ago and had not come back. They were
engulfed in boggy ground somewhere and their dead bodies were not discovered.
Since that time, Mrs, Suppleton had been waiting for them hoping they would
come back. So, he left the window open for them. When the young girl was
telling him a lie, Mrs. Suppleton arrived. Mrs. Suppleton talked about shooting
but Mr. Nuttel did not pay any attention because he was already horrified.
While they reached the house and called her. It was heard by Mr. Nuttel and
watched outside window. He saw three people coming towards house. He felt
frightened and ran away from the house.
11.
The Gateman's Gift
RK
Narayan
The
main character of this story Govinda Singh was a gateman. He worked as a gateman
at an office called Englandia. He was always clad in the office uniform and
saluted the boss when he got in and out of the office. He worked 25 years and
retired on pension. His pension was enough to him. His boss spoke only two times
with him in the life i.e., the first day of his job and the last day of the
service. His wife also earned money by washing clothes of other houses. First
day of every month, he got clad with his old khaki suit and went to his old
office to get pension. He used to make clay artifacts in the leisure time after
his pension. Every month at the time of pension, he used to offer a gift to his
boss. At last, he made a masterpiece which he gave to his boss. But he was
doubtful about the gift because it was the model of the office. Once, he got a
letter from his office and he was afraid to open. He thought that the boss
stopped his pension. He asked so many people that what was written in the
letter. He did not give permission to anyone to open this letter. One
ex-compounder suggested him to go to the x-ray office to see what was inside
it. S-ray company staff requested him to return to the house. He become like
mad after returning and stopped vehicles on the way. One day, he interrupted
the accountant of his old office. The accountant opened the letter and read it
aloud. It was the appreciation letter along with the bank cheque for Rs.100. He
felt victim of doubtful nature. Then, afterwards he left to make clay gifts.
The letter received from office made him psychological affect to him.
12. The Martyr
-Vishnu S. Rai.
This is the interesting story by VS Rai. His experience
is expressed in a realistic language in the form of story. The story is a story
of a boy who becomes a martyr in a people's movement. Sunil and his mother
lived together. She always tries to keep her son surroundings. Mother, Kanchhi
believes in god and pastes photos of god and goddesses on the wall. The scene
of classmates who tease a weaker one is expressed in the story touching the
ground of Nepalese reality. He is the only child of his widowed mother. He
couldn't remember because his father was already passed away before he was
born. His father was shot in a confrontation to change the society. His mother
didn't talk about the matter to the son. He knows it from others.
His father was an educated man but couldn't get a job
because he was a Dalit. His mother had eloped with his father without her
parent's consent who belonged to the upper caste and her father never forgave
her for this out-cultured deed. Her real name was Sushma. She sheltered her son
by doing all kind of jobs like carrying bricks and a housemaid in different
families. She did a lot of struggle for her son and grew her. One day, due to the
hard request of the son he went out to involve in the movement. While going in
movement, he met Gopichand whose ideas surprised Sunil. He participated in the
andolan. Waving banner, play cards and the emotion of people made Sunil get to
join the mass. He was caned and booed and his banner was fallen and his voice
was lowered down. He pulled a dirt in his chest and coughed blood on his hand.
And he became martyr for the nation. This story shows the real picture of
andolan of Nepal.
Important Question:
a. Sketch the character 'Sunil' in the story 'The Martyr'.
b. Which character do you like most in this story and why?
13.The
Joys of Motherhood
The main character in this
story is Nwakusor. He is a docker. He was going back home from his rickety old
bicycle. A bus nearly hit him and the driver scolded him. Kia – Kia is the name
of bus and the condition of road was very worst in Nigeria. Then after, he got
many rude languages form the driver and asks excuse from him. While passing the
bridge, he saw a woman trying to commit suicide by jumping down from the
bridge. He saw some men tried to save her but they were not able to save
because the woman was stronger than public. Lastly, Nwakusor pulled her down on
the floor of the bridge and tried to convince her not to commit suicide.
Suddenly, next woman came and slapped her. Woman, who was going to commit
suicide said that her baby was died, she didn’t like to live. Then she was
taken to her husband. Lbo women victimized by their cultural to the motherhood.
Nnu Ego leaves her village and goes city for the better life. Nwakusor visits
her on the city bridge at the time of attempting suicide. This story compares
urban and rural value system regarding gender discrimination.
14.Grief
-Anton Chekov
This story is penned by Anton
Chekov. In this story the main character is Iona Potapov. Iona Potapov was
suffering from grief because his son was died few days age. Potapov’s
profession was a sleigh driver. He wanted to tell something about his son’s
death but nobody cared his speech. He could not express his grief to anyone,
Physically Iona Potapov seemed old and white. One evening, an officer green coat
came to Potapov as a passenger to go to the Viborg way. Officer did not speak
in a polite way. When Potapov wanted to share his grief, he did not want to
listen. He imitated like the sleeping person. After some time three person came
to the cab. Two of them were lanky and one was hump – backed. They wanted to go the police Bridge. As they
got on the cab, they stored to discuss who would stand because there were only
two seats for them. They were not ready to pay but he took them on the destination.
Three person showed rude behavior to Potapov. They asked unnecessary questions
to him like marriage and family members. When he shared that his baby was died,
they gave no attention on it. He wanted to tell the grief to the potter and
young cab driver, they didn’t pay any attention to his grief. Lastly, he
decided to share his sorrows to the horse and shared all story to the horse.
(His son died because of high fever, Barin is the name of Potapov’s son, Iona
Potapov was a cab driver, his cab was a sleigh which was driver over the snow
by pulling it by horse.)
15.Decayed
teeth.
-Khalil
Gibran
This story presents bitter
political situation of Syria and compares it with decayed teeth. The content of
the passage is indirect at the beginning. The writer had a decayed tooth and
was painful and went to dentist. He didn’t extract his teeth but filled with gold.
Dentist told that his tooth became stronger one, but after some days it started
again to ache. Writer used the term decayed teeth to refer to the root causes
of social and political problems of Syria. There are so many decayed teeth in
the society. Many intellectual organizations and people have been involved to
get its solutions but failed. Decayed teeth of Syria have to be wiped out. He
concludes that the cause of the problems is to be uprooted.
16.Women’s
Empowerment and Identity
Taslima
Nasreen
This article presents real
women status in the world the basis of her view. She was surprised at what a
foreigner told her about women condition in her country. Her friend was
enchanted because Bangladesh had women prime minister and the main leader of
opposition party. But she thinks that all the women in the country are
dominated and oppressed. Women who achieved such high positions is because of
their husband and father. She says that only the women whose family members are
of high ranked are being educated. But the heavy majority has been left behind.
She says many female members of society are mistreated, exploited, abused,
tortured, murdered, raped because of the loophole in the constitution. Society
thinks that the women are the objects of consumption. Because of their
situations, many girls are compelled to work in brothers. She requests abused
women and girls are to be rehabilitated.
17.The
strange looking man.
F.K
Johnson
The text describes the
dreadful picture of the first world war and its effect on the people who were
in the battlefield and who didn’t go the battlefield as well. Women, weak
people, children and dying people didn’t go
war but others went to the war. Most of the people involved in war died
only few returned to their home. People
who returned from war crippled and disfigured. There would be something in the
village such as wind mill, public house, row of cottage, village church,
domestic birds etc. But they would not last. Women did not like to bear the
babies. Those who bore babies had negative activities. One day a small boy saw
the writer in the stream. The man addressed the boy to give him and ran to his
mother. He told that he didn’t mean to scare the children but the boy was
afraid because he hadn’t seen a whole man. Writer became a strange man to the
boy.
18.The
Spanish church
Catherine
Watson
‘The Spanish Church’ by
Catherine Wastson is a description of pilgrimage. This is writer’s travel
memoir. The writer visited the fortress church named Portomarin. Although the
town sounded like ‘Portal’(gate) it didn’t have any impressive gates. She sat
on the ‘Lichen – painted’ wall with her friends to make it memorable. While
sitting, Italian bikers moved. But later she met the same two bikers mending
the puncture of tire. She thought walking is far better than riding bicycles.
At the time of having breakfast with friends. She moved to the shiny green door
of the church. From the door, she saw a boy on a red bicycle but he was not the
Italian boy who she met before. The writer was impressed with the boy because
he had plain, pleasant face with a sandy hair. She sat down and prayed for a
while although she was not a religious person. As she stood, she saw the same
boy in red jacket sitting down and watching down the alter. (a holy table of
church). She imagined that she was his mother, sister, love, friend etc. As
their prayer in church was over the boy went out and disappeared from there.
Then she returned towards her friends and enjoyed drinking coffee.
19.I
once was lost.
Antwone Quenton Fisher
This extract is the
autobiography of writer. He started
writing when he was a security guard at Sony Pictures Entertainment. He wrote
draft for 41 times. Father died, mother married next and he was taken as a
foster home. (USA) He was left by foster mother at the age of 16 and did
struggle. (Father – Edwanrd Elkins, mother Eva fisher) After getting phone
diary, he made a phone call to Anette Elkins and asked family. She replied that
she was his (Edward’s sister) and if Edward Elkins family know you that they
will call you. She said that grandparents had already died. He took his uncle’s
and aunt’s phone number. Then he got the phone call of his aunt Eda from
Chicago and said that his father was a wonderful writer and sent letters and
poems when he was in the army. Writer also wrote poems and sent him his aunt
Eda. Then family members invited him to visit and told to manage plane ticket.
He asked ten days leave from his office. Then, after the family visit, he
managed a trip to his mother to visit (mother already married to other). As he
approached to the door of the mother, his heart beat rapidly. On the mother
opened the door, he saw the apartment was dimly lit and with the shabby
furniture, mother was very old and fragile. The mother started to cry. The mother
got more grief than writer. Then, he returned to his job and a movie was made
on his life story.
20.Albert Einstein
Stephen Hawking
Albert Einstein was involved
in politics. He participated in anti-war programmes. He was against nuclear
war. His political activities were in the time of first world war. He was end
of human life in first world war and decided to involve in war. He raised voice
against conscription. Because of the political activities, it became difficult
for him to visit USA. Though he was Jewish, he rejected the Biblical idea of
God. Because of the anti-activities in religion, he became unpopular. He was
phlegmatic in nature. One organization was established against him and
published the book entitled ‘100 authors against Einstein’ but he was not
unhappy on it. When Hitler cam in power, he was in America. He declared not to
return Germany. His properties were captured in Germany. As a peace lover he
proposed America to build atomic bombs to control Germany. Aa a Zionist, he was
offered the presidency of Israel but he rejected it because he had no interest
in politics.
21.Music
and Science
Daniel
Levitin
Music
is a part of human life. It is commonly used in different activities like
wedding ceremonies, cultural programs, even speeches and even in funeral. He
tries to present music as a part of science as well as part of human life. He
had passion for music since his childhood. When he was only 11 years old in
1969, he bought a stereo system. Then he started to listen music of different
musicians. The writer left college and joined rock band. He learned so many
things of music there. They made their band famous in San Francisco. He worked
there with many musicians. After that he became recording producer. He went
Stanford University to study neuropsychology. He learnt that music is related
with psychology. Then he tried to get answers to some questions such where the
music comes from. He knows that music is unusual among all human activities for
both its ubiquity and antiquity. He argues that music makes life entertaining.
Music is based on natural sounds which are related to science. The study of
neuroscience and psychology are related to music.
22. College Teachers
-RLS Malky, Mary K. Ruether
When the writer came in known that most of the professions fall into three
categories: the positive teachers, the neutral teachers and negative teachers.
Positive teachers are agreeable teachers, interested in his subject and
students, teacher who tries to remember the name of all students, allows for
question in classroom, motivator to the students. The writer gives the example
'Monsieur Poirrot' a French teacher who gave several hours to master the sound
'r'. Positive teachers are very few in number. Neutral teachers are not
aggreable, do not seem interested in either the subject on the students or
their names. Though neutral teachers allow some question but do not encourage
students. Writer remembered Professor Hilton as a neutral teacher. The negative
teachers are less agreeable, do no know students' name, allow no question and
discussion, classes are twice as boring as any class of neutral teacher, often
too inflexible, seem more like a machine. Negative teachers are less in number.
Students learn more from positive teachers, so the university should get lesson
to improve negative and neutral teachers.
23. Non-Violence
Aldous Huxley
The writer believes that non-violence brings peace. Non-violence means the
policy of applying peaceful method to settle the problems or disputes.
Non-violence can overcome evil, anger, hatred, hostility and revenge. If we
talk about world, colonial administrators and anthropologists discovered that
non-violence is the best policy to lead nations. We can see the examples of
Nepal, Africa and India who became successful due to the non-violence. The
principle of non-violence can be applied at all the levels of human activities.
The organizations that follow the principle of non-violence have been proved to
be successful. Modern organizations and governments are dedicated to implement
non-violent means and methods for their sustainable development. Modern people
want to go back to the developing countries. To produce adequate amount of
goods from factories and agricultural sectors, more money and technologies are
to be used where peaceful methods cannot function. Some solutions of the
existing problems are self-government, elimination of boredom, the best way
used to replace machine production, workers' psychological aspects, the best
way of spending leisure etc. We, people of world should follow non-violence
everywhere to bring peace.
24. The Happy Man
Bertrand Russell
This essay expresses the features of happy man. Man becomes happy at
different phases of life. A child is happy when he gets love and security by
the parents. Happiness is related to freedom. The people who are free are
happy. Scholastic education is not good for learners. For example; in classical
Greece, learners do no know practical education. Rather they learn the method
of snobbery which ruins real potential of the individual. Culture also should
be taught. Culture can be taught through movies interestingly. Artistic
education through literature, music and painting makes people really happy.
Learners should be given opportunity. Writer does not like the competitive
education of America and Europe because it brings anxiety and fatigue. Learners
should not be victim of examination. Co-operation in life is better than
competition. A happy man should be given opportunity to enjoy adventures on
his/her own. A young man becomes happy when he deserves the right to enjoy his
vigor and strength on his own. Taking old age positively and no regrets about
the past make people happy in the old age. A happy man should not have the fear
of death as it is natural to everyone.
25. Victory on Everest
This essay is a travelogue. It is the description of successful victory on
Mt. Everest by a group of climbers including Tenzing Sherpa and Hillary. This
essay shows the success and challenges of climbing the highest peak of the
world. Two team attempted to scale it at the same time but from different
points. John Hunt lead thirteen members team including Edmund Hillary and
Tenzing Sherpa. The team members were different profession holders: two army
officers, three physicians, three scientists, two school teachers, a travel
agent, a photographer and a beekeeper (Hillary) by the age range of 24 to 43.
They followed the pattern set by Khumbu glacier. They had many devices needed
for climbing mountains. The next team members got tired. At last, Hillary and
Tenzing scaled it successfully. So, this essay shows how Mt. Everest was scaled
successfully and how dangerous it was. It is the description on the adventure,
perhaps on e of the most dangerous and interesting one.
26. Laughter is the Best Medicine.
This essay presents where and when laughter functions as the medicine.
Sometimes laughter is distressful and sometimes it is useful. It is a form of
therapy as it can cure bad days and hard times. Dick Gregory's mother told him
to laugh at har5d times, and he followed her advice. Gregory used jokes to
escape from some troublesome situations. Gregory found that wit (ability to say
right things) can overpower cruelty and hostility. Even he was able to outsmart
police officers through jokes instead of violence during the time of civil
rights movement in America. Doing comedies are more powerful than crying or
fighting when someone has to face with oppressive acts of others. Gregory's
family was under privileged in this time. He often used to make jokes at his mother's
cooking. In some cases, laughter is harmful. Greogry found that using comedy
and laughter is not useful while dealing with money problems of family. When
the family is in problem, laughter can't buy food and solve the problems. When
someone is very sad at the death of a family member, laughter and comedy should
not be used as the means used to decrease the grief. At last, average and
suitable laughter is a good form of therapy.
27. Liberty and Democracy
This essay presents interrelationship between liberty and democracy.
Democratic peace is actually the liberal peace. Joseph mentions that democracy
is the political mechanism for choosing political leadership and democracy
exists along with complete democracy. Three political scientists integrated the
terms democracy and liberty each other. (Dahl, Huntington, Sorenson) All the
political scientists believe in democracy (election) and liberty (the
preservation of freedoms). A liberal democracy has two clear characteristics.
They are:
a. the government based on
the fair election of its leaders,
b. the protection of basic
liberties of speech.
Sorenson biews that participation should be increased and evidenced in
democracy. It means that all the citizens should have free and easy access to
elections. Democracy should guarantee all rights along with the need of people.
Government should not tolerate anyone who is corrupt and unfair. The writer
says that it is not easy to define democracy and liberty objectively as they
are obscure (not clear) and indefinite. They can be perceived differently by
different political philosophies. Peace, prosperity, faire election, guarantee
of human rights and liberties are norms of democracy. Liberal democracy brings
peace in the country.
28. Nelson Mandela
-Readers Digest Journalist
Nelson Mandela is a democratic leader of South Africa. His nickname is
Madiba. He was born in 1918 in the royal house of Thembu tribe. He was arrested
in 1962 because he was fought for racially based discrimination. “Free Mandela”
became a rallying cry throughout the world and in 1990, he walked out of prison
after 27 years. Reader’s Digest took interview with Madiba in the Mandela
Foundation in Cape Town. (Points from his interview)
He choose the path of reconciliation because he wanted peace and stability
that contribute to the progress of the society and he advocated multiracial
democracy as well. Mandela’s view on inter- religion dynamics is religious
tolerance between the people and belonging to different religions. He thinks
the people following one religion must respect other religions but mustn’t be
hostile to them because religions are needed to humanity. All the religions are
equally respectable. He thinks God is the supreme power and parents should give
their children education and explain the role they have to play for the
country. When Mandela visited the house of AIDS patients, people ran away from
Mandela. The intervention of UK and Us to Iraq was without UN’s mandates, which
was not justifiable, and Mandela objected to those countries. Multilateralism
is the policy of trying to make multilateral agreements in order to achieve a
particular objective. Mandela has so much faith in this principle because he
believes that unilateralism is not correct to lead the whole world. Mandela
expresses that it is not good for democracy when its leader remain in power for
a long time, they are likely to misuse their power for their own benefits and
they may forget their responsibilities.
29. Imre Kertsez
Imre Kertsez is from Hungary. He received Nobel Prize in 2002 AD. He was
born in Budapest in 1929. In spite of financial problems, he contributed in
literature. He does not like totalitarian and authoritarian political system in
the country. He suffered from Parkinson’s disease at the later stage of his
life. Luisa Zielinski interviewed him about his life and his contribution. He
started writing at the age of 24. He had financial problems at that time. His
writing changed his life. He spent 13 years for writing a novel called”
Fatelessness”. One of his friend told him to write operettas and so did he. All
of the sudden, he began thinking about his novel. For a novel, he considered
three things in a novel i.e. they are language, form and plot. In his novel,
the protagonist is a boy who is childlike, ignorant and helpful. Due to
communist government, he did not have favorable time to write freely. He was
imprisoned. The one thing that gives him pleasure is writing. He always managed
to finish a work under terrible circumstances. At the time of interview, he was
suffering from the diseases. He contributed to the field of literature in his
life.
30. One act plays
The passer
-Lu Shun
This play was composed by Lu shun, a Chinese writer. This great Chinese
writer portrays the fate of the poor before communist revolution in China. There
are three characteristics in the play. They are an old man, a girl and a
passerby. The gist /theme of the drama is- everywhere there is tyranny in the
society. The old man likes to avoid them. They are celebrities and landlords.
There is wealth and luxury for them, there are expulsion and cages of all sorts
for the poor. This protrays the fate o the poor during pre- revolution China.
The setting of the play consists of a desolate place near a small hat. A
passer-by comes in the play. His condition seems miserable. Passer-by does not
know who he is and the name of place. The drama shows that there is inhuman
discrimination between people. A passer-by appears near the hut where the old
man and a young live. As the passer-by seems to be between 30-40 and his physical
condition is miserable. That man was with wound and it was bleeding. He wants
to move ahead but he does not know his destination. The girl gives him a piece
of cloth to bandage it but he does not accept it. On the way, there appears a
flower garden and a graveyard. They talk about tranny and tears of people. The
passer-by knows that he can see and experiences other destruction on his way to
nowhere. This play presents uncertain life journey of poor people before the
revolution in China.
31. A Horseman in the Sky
The one act play entitled ‘A Horseman in the Sky’ presents a picture of the
American civil was between 1861-1865.There are seven main characters: Narrator,
Crater, Father, Mother, Officer, Commander and Federal sergeant. Carter Druse,
a central character decided to join regiment to save the country from being
divided. His father was against him. He supported President Lincoln because he
didn’t to see country divided. The war was in confusion whether it was economic
rivalry between the industrial north and agricultural south or slavery. When
the Carter Druse (son) was ready to leave house to join regiment, the father told
the son that his mother was seriously ill. His mother was waiting for the
death. At the time of departure, the mother wished Carter’ Good Luck’ Carter
was brave to join regiment and dedicated to save the union/nation. He was a
determined person. Carter, when he was on the deep thought of war, he realized
that he sow a soldier on the horse on the sky. He thinks that the man in the sky may be his
father. He wanted to carry a rifle as he was going to the battlefield to
prevent the country from being divided. The person who he imagined in the air
must be the enemy, so he needed to kill him. As he watching soldier and horses
in the sky, he sensed that his father was telling him to do something which he judged
significant. When he was completing his duty, he didn’t think to know his
relatives. This play shows the war between brothers but it is morally wrong.
Memoir and
Travel
32. Stealing and Atonement
-
MK Gandhi
MK Gandhi writes this memoir. This memoir presents his
childhood experiences and the bad habits like smoking and stealing money etc. He
used to eat meat but later he was guided by the principle of ‘ Non- violence’.
He says that his father was the source of inspiration for him. They did smoking
( MK and his friend) by watching his under habit. At the beginning, the writer
and his relative used to pick up the half- used cigarette thrown on the way.
They also began to steal coins from the servants pocket to buy cigarettes. They
decided to commit suicide and they collected poisonous plants to commit suicide
and ate a few them. But they went temple to dismiss the thought of suicide. At last
they left the thought of smoking and stealing money. When he grew, he gave up
smoking. He felt difficulty to travel with people smoking. One day, the writer
decided to confess his guilt by writing a confess note to the father who was
seriously unhealthy. The father took it is positively. The father read it and
his tears tickled (ran) down the cheeks. He tore the note and cried so did the
writer. Then, the writer removed previous habits completely and went on the
principle of Ahimsa, which led him to perfection of his life. He learnt the
lesson of non- violence from his father.
33. The Boatman’s Gift
- Pamela Michael
This is memoir where the author or narrator tries to
reflect her experience while in Laos (Luang Prabang) a land locked
country. Luang Prabang was not a modernized place. It was the old royal capital.
She had a great desire to visit there. She compared three options (boat, road
and air) to visit Luang Prabang. Once she did her journey by plane but the
plane was as old and dirty. She saw foggy mountains, highlands, few villages,
railway line, high valley etc. through plane. When she watched tiny villages in
her forty –five minutes journey from Vientiane to Luang Prabang , she happened
to think of many things that belong to Laos i.e. 1970s bomb droppings by USA,
think to visit the people inside the cave, etc. After landing, she saw the
oldest Laotian town Luang Prabang. She saw the temples in Cambodian style,
traditional teat, bamboo and thatch houses, Vietnamese style shops and
half-timbered villa. She was feeling giddy though she felt the town was really
sacred and curiously familiar. She saw many things there:
a) Line of temples in the dusky main street,
b) Young monks sent by families for religious training,
c) Ornate ceremonial dragon boats,
d) Courtyards swept daily,
e) Elephant marches for king and queen,
f) Mud paved lane and come humble houses at the bank of the Mekong river,
g) Laundry and fishing nets hung from the branches of the tree at the river edges,
h) Hard working locations,
i) Ceremonial stairway leading down to the water from the entrance of an ancient monastery.
The boatman was requesting her to go there while feeling upset because her
camera’s battery was dead. When she was planning to buy battery, boatman told
that there was nothing wrong with her camera i.e. her eyes. She thought
boatman’s gift was ‘Your eyes are not dead’.
Journals
34. Journal Writing-I
Journal is a record of the reflections and thought or the record of the
things and activities we do every day. This is the journal of Krishnamurti who
is a learned personal of the world. In this journal, he has presented his view
about modern man. This journal was written on 
April 1975at Malibu (his house). He
describes living creatures and environment, which was completely calm. When the
sun rose in the sky every living being started to move to the grandeur of the sun’s
magnificence. Before the sun was in the sky, the river was calm but after
sunrise, the river began to move. So, the sun change the life of the object on
the earth. He says that the things, which are dynamic dies, but the things,
which are stable never, dies. He felt that nothingness is not a reality but
truth. In the case of humans, freedom is not the reality of thought and the
dream becomes a reality if it has been nurtured by knowledge. Every living being has its sensitivity, way
of life and consciousness but human beings seem to be too proud of it. The
person who is purely conscious can understand the rule and grandeur of nature
consciousness. We can’t measure of time which is powerful for human beings.
Meditation helps human beings to the store of knowledge, which makes people
happy.
35. Journal II
- Govinda Raj Bhattarai
This journal is written by Govinda Raj Bhattarai. This journal presents his
experience and feelings of excitement when he was in Greek island of Samas in
September 2006. The 3 day experiences are mentioned below.
a.
1
September 2006
After having breakfast professors from Nepal, Bhutan and
Greece beganto travel Samos. They observed arts, architecture and lifestyle of
people there. Irin said the guide, explained many things on the way. They
visited Icaria island where the Icarus was fallen there. Irnin said the
traditional culture of that place where the wives had to mourn throughout the
year in black dress if the husband passed away. They went to Pythegorio a small
town situated by the seashore.
b.
September 2006
Team observed sanctuary of Turkey. They observed everything ranging from
architecture to natural gifts in or around the place they visited. They found
the staff of the hotel very polite.
c.
September 2006
From there they went to Athens international airport. When the writer was observing
Athena, he happened to think the political condition of Nepal. They visited the
city of Socrates. They visited Parthenon temple which is considered the Greek
goddess of power and beauty. They observed many things there and they returned by
Athens- Doha- Kathmandu flight.
Novel Extract and Motion Picture
36. The Alchemist
- Paulo Coelho
The novel 'The Alchemist' is written by world famous Brazilian writer Paulo
Coelho. The key characters Santiago, a Spanish boy studied Latin, Spanish and
theology but his parents wanted him to make him study 'Priest'. The father told
the son to be priest but he wanted to travel the world. Father gave three gold
coins to buy a herd of sheep. The boy took his sheep to different pastures for
food and water for them. Once he saw partially ruined church with his sheep to
spend night. Next day, he moved ahead and took some sheep to a merchant to sell
wool. He saw the merchant’s daughter and wanted to marry. Merchant said him to
go after shearing the wool but he didn’t like to go from there because he
didn’t like to miss the girl. The boy talked to the sheep about the girl and he
urged the sheep to move to the direction of the sun. He dreamt that he would
eat the sheep at and he thought burden for his jacket. The son thought back to
the conversation with his father and felt happy. He had already seen many
castles and women but he thought the merchant’s daughter was the best. The boy
wanted to ask for the hand of that girl. At the same time, he thought of an old
woman who could interpret the dreams because he wanted the dream come true.
37. My love story with the City of Joy
-
Dominique Lapierre
The French Writer Dominique Lapierre studied the
inhuman picture of slum of Calcutta. He called it ‘The City of Joy’. He saw
many things and recorded on note. They have no shelter and enough food to
survive. People of slum were fighting against hunger, diseases, total absence
of medical facilities, lack of work and employment, etc. He left throwing the
half-used things after and understanding them. He found people generous in the
slum area. After returning to France he wrote book ‘The City of Joy’ within one
year. It was published in 31 languages like Spain, Italy, Holland, Germany etc.
and sold 6 million copies. He offered half of the royalties to the people of
slum through humanitarian instructions in Calcutta. He founded ‘Action aid for
lepers children of Calcutta’ for the fund and its proper use. From this work,
they ( husband and wife of writer)were honored by Municipal Council in
Calcutta. In 1985, British director
Ronald Joffe and the Canadian producer Joke Eberts proposed him to make a film
for his book and he accepted that. Two Indian actors Om Puri and Shabana Azmi
played the role of Hosori Pal (rickshaw puller) and his wife Kamala. The
shooting was disturbed by the political
agitators. When the writer and his wife were invented in Calcutta and he was he
was walking across the narrow street, he saw one banner and it was written,
"Dominique Lapierre- We come home –The City of Joy”.
Unit: 10 Contemporary topics
38. Karl Marx
Karl Marx was born in 1818 to a Jewish and died in 1883. He is widely
popular as a philosopher and thinker and contributed on political economy,
revolutionary political principles and communist manifesto. Directly, he was
not involved in literature. His writing made him so. His theories about
cartelism and human development are related to art and literature. He married
with Jenny Von Westphalan in 1843 and did journalism. Because of the
journalism, he forced to leave Germany. So, he went Paris in 1843. Later, he
shifted London. The life of Marx was difficult in London due to poverty. Marx
criticized religion at first. His essay ‘On the Jewish Questions’ became
controversial. Later he wrote communist manifesto. His initial writing were
related to the cities of religion and after death of his wife and daughter, he
died in 1883. He had many writings on materialism. He helped socio-political
changes of the world.
39. Feminist Criticism
- M.A.R Habib
This article written by MAR Habib shows the feminist criticism began in the
ancient Greek Period. Female writers and thinkers have been working for a long
time. Women were used as the source of power even in the ancient time. Many
brave and dominant women contributed to the history of human race. Many brave
women have contributed in the field of arts and literature significantly such
as DE Stael, George Eliot, etc.
Although some women got powerful positions, majority of them in the world have
been deprived of education, property rights and other freedoms in their life.
Females get positive role in different sectors like angles, goddesses, obedient
wives and mother figures. But only at 20th century, women got
political rights from their struggle, psychoanalysis, gender and Marxism.
Feminist writing published their views respectively. Marxism raised voice or
freedom and rights for women.
40. Postmodernism Is Everywhere
This essay describes about post modernism and its scope. By the mid1980s,
the term post modernism had fully blossomed extensively in most area such as
architecture, politics, literature etc. It has been included in humanities
courses in the western world. It is a flexible term as it is interpreted
differently in different discipline.
a.
Multiplying meanings
Post modernism is not strictly
speaking a school of thought. It does not have a single dominant theoretician.
It is controversial in academic books. It has substantially contributed to a
range o social and cultural transformations.
b.
A flexible term
-
Postmodernism can be
i.
An actual state of affairs in the
society,
ii.
The set of ideas which tries to
define the state of affairs,
c.
New times:
-
Present society, culture and life
style are different from the past ones.
-
Development of these concrete
subjects have an impact on an understanding of more abstract matters such as meaning
identity and reality.
-
Postmodernism claims that the older
analysis are not useful so, new approach come.
41. Inclusive Education
-Tirtha Raj Khaniya
According to OALD, 'inclusive' is including all things and items. This text
focuses inclusiveness in education in terms of gender, ethnicity, economic
status, culture etc. The author thinks only political speeches are not
sufficient for making the people able to participate different kind of
political and socio-economic activities. There should be a separate provision
i.e. educational provision to support and develop the mainstream. The different
projects like primary education project, basic and primary education projects,
and primary education development project are launched according to the ideas
of inclusive education. It is necessary to make necessary arrangements for
promoting the inclusion of learners with different disabilities and learning
difficulties. With the pressure of government as well as on the civil society and
concerned authorities, the system of inclusive education is totally implemented.
For meaning inclusion, the person included must have the strength to serve
the purpose of which they are included. There should be the participation of
all level students to be part of an inclusive education.
The necessity of internal mechanism and the entire system should be managed
properly in order to implement this system appropriately. To implement
inclusiveness in education, it is necessary to consider mainly three issues,
adequate school space, parental demands and discriminatory (positive) treatment
in school. Programs like national talent search scheme, scholarships with full
boarding facilities, partnerships with private sectors, mobilization of
internal and external resources to promote inclusion, inclusive teacher
training and additional support to needy ones can be useful to achieve
inclusiveness in education.
42. English as a World Language
-
Charles Barber
English is used as a major world language from three ways:
as a mother tongue, an international language and a second language. There are
three major standard varieties of English; they are British English, Scottish
Standard English and American English. English language has been changing over the
time. English is expanded to moat parts of world and originally used in
Britain. English was through international trade; Colonization process of UK
and the Conquest. Immigrants who wished to obtained US citizenship in
competence in the English language. Mainly, American and British varieties
dominated different parts of the world. Nowadays. The number of non-native
English users has outnumbered its native speakers because it has been spoken as
a second language all over the world. So, there is the birth of different varieties
of English language. In many part of the world, there is the regional variety
of English. In many parts of the world, English has been used for public
purpose as a second language but different local languages are also in
practice. In India both English and Hindi can be used as a official languages.
There is different between ESL and EFL. English as a foreign language is used
in Germany, Nepal and so on. But in India English language is used as second
language because people use it for day to day personal communication in the
government offices. Nowadays, English has domination all over the world.
43. Diasporas and Language
- Jain Beswick
A Diasporas is a large group of people with a similar
heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world. The
term diaspora comes from an ancient Greek word and the meaning is ‘to scatter
about’. The bible refers to the diaspora of Jews exiled from Israel by the
Babylonians. But the world is now also used more generally to describe any
large migration of refugees, language or culture. Diaspora has four historical
phases; they are ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary. Hybridity is the
most common feature of a diasporic life because of the people from the various
diasporas within media society or within geographical society is most
diasporic. Regarding language, diaspora gives birth to new languages such as
pidgin or creoles (pidgin= grammatically simplified means of communication that
develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common;
typically its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several
languages) which are hybrid and can be called diasporic languages. People from
different heritage language reside within the some host society, therefore,
there lacks linguistics homogeneity. It seems to be the challenge to the saying
“one nation, one language and one culture”. Nowadays, due to the extensive use
of media, diasporas do not feel that they have lost their identities as they
can enjoy their cultures and language through such media. Most of the diasporic
societies consists of different heterogeneous characteristics due to their
hybridity. The member of diasporic societies have to assimilate the host’s
culture and language.
44. New Electronic Media
-Denis MC Quail
This is the period of science and technology. Mass
media plays a great role to spread message or information scattered all over
the world. The information and technology in which visual display unit (television
screen) is linked to a computer network is new electronic media. It is the
hybrid of TV and computer. The technology involved in new electronic media are
the technology of transmission, the technology of miniaturization, the
technology of storage and retrieval, the technology of display and the technology
of control by the computer. New media are different of the old one in different
aspects, i.e. decentralization high capacity, interactivity and flexibility of
form, content and use. The new media have two main forms: tele texts and video
texts. Tele text makes additional textual information available and video text
makes additional textual information with a terminal and television screen to
those connected on a same network. New media are the hybrid medium. CD-ROM is
the another innovation used in this field. New media also have to face with
challenges and problems.
45. A smile
-Anonymous
It presents the nature of human smile which often has
impacts on other. It is composed by anonymous poem. Because of the smile, the4
face get wrinkles but it is funny. But a smile goes out cannot be found; it
goes somewhere forever. It is realized wonderful and enjoyable. A person does
not smile alone because one smile invites another smile. Second smile is the
result of first smile. Smile makes people healthy in life. Smile helps to make
good relationship with others.
46. Ode to tomatoes
-Pablo Neruda
The poem ‘Ode to Tomatoes’ was composed by Pablo
Neruda. The poet used the word ‘Tomato’ beautifully. He had used some literary
figures like imaginings and personification to present the poem beautifully.
This poem tells that tomatoes are found everywhere and used in all the season
and occasions. They are also used mixing in other food items and in different
forms. They can be used as salad, juice and curry. This poem shows the popular
use of tomatoes. It shows that the tomato is found everywhere. It is found in
street, kitchen and all type of ceremonies. It is mixed with chilli, onion and
olive oils peepers and other items of salad. Its fragrance lures people. Tomato
is produced all over the world.
47. Do not say
- Mohamad Bin Haji Sallah
This poem is composed by Mohamad Bin Haji Sallah. It
shows the respect of the people to the nation. The poet has used so many
Malaysian variety of English. The poet claims that his people are poor at
material world but rich in the spirit and practice of humanity. The poem has
many Malaysian words such as ladang, keris, kampong, etc. The speaker of the
poem tell snobbish people not to tell his people are lazy because the snobbish
people are only the onlookers and they cannot judge the people. Although his
people had not made skyscrapers, they are gentle and hardworking. They
entertain singing and dancing. His people love life which is the symbol of
humanity existing in their spirit and behavior. His nation enjoys sajak or
puntun at their opera called people or politicians not to tell his people poor
because his nation is rich in humanity although they have a very few banks to
deal with the money, the material world. He presents his views by mentioning
that his people are united by the spirit of brotherhood.
48. The Ballad of a dead Friend
-Edwin Arlington Robinson
The poem was composed by Edwin Arlington Robinson. It
shows emotional pain at the death of the friend. Death is inevitable. The poet
compares human life with withering ferns which naturally get withered and dried
and decayed. The poem tells that death is a natural process in living creatures
including human beings. Time never cares out prayers, rather ignores. Although
we have emotional pain at the death of our friends, time does not cares our
pains. Sorrows, troubles, tears and sighing at such sad moment. Second stanza
tells that, we have to pass though different stages of life as natural process.
We do not like friends’ but god wants it. So, human being desire to achieve
many things including friends, become meaningless.
49. The Buddha’s wife
-Ruth Silcock Pearson
This poem was composed by Ruth Silcock Pearson and
taken from ‘ Poems in our Pocket’. This poem presents how some great
personalities betrayed their wives and women. The poet expresses this not to
make fin of those women but to describe their lifestyle focusing how they
passed on. She provides an example of Mahatma Gandhi. His legs were bandy. He
did not give time to his wife. He ( the poet) was worried about her life. Next
example that the Christian women wearing hats in church and worshipping
husbands lurch makes them stagger. The
poet gets back to ancient Krishna. They cry and dance of milkmaids to call
Krishna. Male has more chance to perform an action like raising voice, using
rights, touching etc. The poem appeals that women are tube as free as men.
50. Life is Fine
-Langston Hughes
The poem is composed by Langston Hughes. This poem
shows the condition of ‘Black’ in America. The speaker in the poem tells that
he went down to the river and sat down on its bank but he could not think
properly. The speaker had to face with the problems although he did not know
how to solve them. And he was forced to solve them on his own; that is why he
got himself to face with these problems and tries to find their solutions. The speaker
took the elevator and reached the tenth floor which was very high from the
ground. He thought of jumping down from there but did not as he thought of his
baby. The speaker was in a challenging situation and has been facing with many
problems which could not be solved easily. If he had tried to solve them
without the proper preparation, he would have face with greater problems in
life. The speaker tells that he is living hopeful and to live in future because
of the love he gets. He thinks that he was born to live not to die untimely. He
has to survive for his baby. He becomes optimistic about his life. It means
that the Black in the USA are hopeful for their good future in life.
51. Punishment in Kindergarten
- Kamala Das
The poem ‘Punishment in Kindergarten’ is written by Kamala Das an Indian poetess. The poet
expresses her feelings of the punishment she experienced when she was a school
girl. When she was in Kinder-garten, her teacher who was a blue frocked woman
made her feel sad and painful. She scolded by using insulting words. The
teacher wanted the poetess to change the school. Poetess friend sat on lawn on
clusters and enjoyed sugarcane but she did not have sugarcane. Second stanza in
the poem describes the poet’s bitter feelings caused by her classroom behavior.
Her friends teased her and laughed at her but she could not hear the words
properly. This poem presents the poetess unpleasant experiences during her
childhood at school as well as in the picnic. I those situations, she was
treated her properly. This poem expresses the painful situation of that time.
52. Night of the Scropian
- Nissim Ezekiel
This poem ‘Night of the Scorpion’ composed by Nissim
Ezekiel presents the condition of rural life of India. The condition rural
setting and ignorant people resemble the rural condition of Nepal. The
narrator’s mother was stung by a scorpion in rainy season in one night. A
scorpion hide under the sack of rice and
stung the speaker’s mother and became senseless for along time. After the
stung, many farmers came to her house and recited mantras to reduces the effect
of the scorpion’s poison inserted in the body of speaker’s mother. The
villagers sat around the mother who was unconscious and talked about her. They
said that the Scorpion stung her as the result of sin of her previous birth.
Mother twisted herself on a mat and she was groaning due to the pain of poison.
Father also tried to watch the effects of powder , mixture herb and the form on the poison. He poured
little paraffin upon her toe, put a match to it and watched the flames and
rites of the holy man’s incarnation recited to reduce the effect of the poison.
After 20 hour, the effect was over and thanked God because her children were
from the scorpion.
Board Question of General English of 2078 B.S.
Please sir i requested you. You will write a all character name in this page if don't mind please sir .
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DeleteI will try. I am updating this blog continuously.
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